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C Programming:

What is C Programming?

C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. It is one of the most widely used programming languages, forming the foundation of many modern languages like C++, Java, and Python.

✅ Features:
✔ Fast & Efficient – Low-level access to memory, minimal runtime.
✔ Portable – Runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac, Embedded Systems).
✔ Procedural & Structured – Uses functions and control flow structures.
✔ Widely Used – System programming, game development, embedded systems.

Basic Syntax of C

c

#include <stdio.h> // Standard I/O library

int main() {
printf(“Hello, World!\n”); // Prints output to screen
return 0; // Returns 0 to indicate successful execution
}

Explanation:

  • #include <stdio.h> → Header file for input/output functions.
  • int main() → Main function, execution starts here.
  • printf("Hello, World!\n"); → Prints text to the console.
  • return 0; → Ends the program successfully.

Key Features of C

1️⃣ Data Types & Variables

Data TypeSizeDescription
int4 bytesStores integers
float4 bytesStores decimals (single precision)
double8 bytesStores decimals (double precision)
char1 byteStores single characters
void0 bytesRepresents no value

🔹 Example:

c
int age = 25;
float pi = 3.14;
char grade = 'A';

2️⃣ Operators in C

✔ Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
✔ Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
✔ Logical: &&, ||, !
✔ Bitwise: &, |, ^, <<, >>
✔ Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

🔹 Example:

c
int x = 10, y = 5;
int sum = x + y; // sum = 15

3️⃣ Control Flow Statements

Conditional Statements

c
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
printf("Positive number");
} else {
printf("Negative number");
}

Loops

c

// For Loop
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

// While Loop
int x = 0;
while (x < 5) {
printf(“%d “, x);
x++;
}

// Do-While Loop
int y = 0;
do {
printf(“%d “, y);
y++;
} while (y < 5);

4️⃣ Functions in C

c

#include <stdio.h>

// Function declaration
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

int main() {
int result = add(5, 3);
printf(“Sum: %d”, result);
return 0;
}

✔ Types of Functions:
✅ Built-in Functions – printf(), scanf(), strlen(), pow().
✅ User-Defined Functions – Custom functions written by programmers.

5️⃣ Pointers & Memory Management

✔ Pointers – Store the address of a variable.
✔ Dynamic Memory Allocation – malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free().

🔹 Example:

c
int x = 10;
int *ptr = &x; // Pointer stores address of x
printf("%d", *ptr); // Dereferencing, prints value of x

6️⃣ Arrays & Strings

c

// Integer Array
int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// String (Character Array)
char name[] = “John”;
printf(“%s”, name);

7️⃣ Structures & Unions

✔ Structures – Groups different data types together.
✔ Unions – Similar to structures, but shares memory.

c

struct Student {
char name[50];
int age;
};

int main() {
struct Student s1 = {“Alice”, 20};
printf(“Name: %s, Age: %d”, s1.name, s1.age);
return 0;
}

8️⃣ File Handling in C

✔ Opening, Reading, Writing files.

c
FILE *file;
file = fopen("data.txt", "w");
fprintf(file, "Hello, File!"); // Writing to file
fclose(file);

Advanced C Concepts

🔹 Recursion – Function calling itself.
🔹 Bit Manipulation – Low-level bitwise operations.
🔹 Multithreading – Using pthread.h (POSIX threads).
🔹 Socket Programming – Network communication.
🔹 Interfacing with Hardware – Embedded systems, microcontrollers.

Applications of C Programming

✔ Operating Systems – Linux, Windows Kernel.
✔ Embedded Systems – Microcontrollers, IoT devices.
✔ Game Development – Used in graphics engines.
✔ Database Management – MySQL is written in C.
✔ Compiler Development – GCC (GNU Compiler Collection).
✔ Networking & Security – Socket programming, encryption.

Comparison: C vs. Other Languages

FeatureCC++JavaPython
Speed⚡ Fast⚡ FastModerateSlower
Memory ManagementManualManualAutomatic (Garbage Collection)Automatic
Object-Oriented❌ No✅ Yes✅ Yes✅ Yes
Portability✅ High✅ High✅ High✅ High
Use CaseSystem ProgrammingGame DevelopmentEnterprise AppsData Science, AI

C Programming Career Opportunities

💼 Embedded Systems Engineer – Works with microcontrollers.
💼 System Programmer – Develops OS, device drivers.
💼 Game Developer – Uses C for game engines.
💼 Cybersecurity Analyst – Works on low-level security solutions.
💼 Networking Engineer – Uses C for network protocols.